登陆注册
3090200000002

第2章 措辞(The Diction)(2)

同义重复:e.g. repeat again, return back, attach together, collaborate /connect/join together.(但可说join the army together。)

意义累赘:e.g. yellow(in color), round(in shape), at 9:45p.m.(that night), sweet(in taste), expensive(in cost), illegal(under the law), visible(to the eye), 有时整句存在同样问题:Rachel Carson(was a woman who)pioneered in ecological studies.

2.赘加词

在许多场合下,英语表达中的一个短语可以被一两个词所取代,从而有效简化表达。

e.g. because of the fact that--because; at this point in time--now.

in a curious manner--curiously; bring all this to a conclusion--conclude.

in many times--often; have the ability to sing--can sing.

during the same time that--while; on account of the fact that--because.

make contact by personal visits--visit; in the near future--soon.

这种情况有时出现在句中:e.g. (1) The reason why we honor Lincoln in these various ways is because he saved the Union.(应改为:We honor Lincoln because he saved the Union.)

(2) In the early part of the month of August there was a really mean hurricane with very high winds that was moving threateningly toward Qingdao.(应改为:In early August a vicious hurricane was threatening Qingdao.)

3.重复词

学习写作者唯恐表达不周有所疏漏,往往不恰当或不必要地重复每一个词或短语。Redundancy现象甚至会造成读者的思维混乱,读上数遍方略知其意。

e.g. (1) This interesting instructor knows how to make an uninteresting subject interesting。(应改为:This instructor knows how to make a dull subject interesting.)

(2) We had problems solving those problems.(应改为:We had a hard time solving those problems.)

4.本义、隐含意义使用错误

意义相同的英语单词有本义和隐含意义之分,两种意义字典无法区分清楚,需在一定的上下文语境中进行体会,因此,因对单词的隐含意义理解不当而导致用词错误的情况就相对较多。如storm(n.)的含义是:a rough weather condition with wind, rain, and often lightening. (v.)to be stormy;blow violently, rain, snow, etc.

e.g. (1) The islanders were warned that a storm was coming.

(2) It stormed so hard that all the electricity went out.

试比较:(1) But his last words brought on another storm.

(2) Their only hope of victory was to storm enemy camp at night.

可见前两句storm用的是本义,后两句storm 用的是引申意义。对于词的引申意义和本义的掌握,要求英语学习者平时多查字典,注意词使用的语势、感情色彩、出现场合和使用目的,逐渐培养起对于所学语言的语感,增加对语言使用的鉴别力。

三、具体词和概括词使用不当

在进行英语写作时,会碰上具体词和概括词,何时使用具体词,何时使用概括词,是学生经常遇到的难题。事实上,概括词和具体词都很重要,对于写作者来说,应该尽可能地掌握并较多地使用具体词,这是因为具体的词能够提供更多、更具体的信息,从而使文章条理清楚、表达准确、语言生动。

e.g. (1) When I was waiting for the doctor, I read a magazine. (doctor,magazine不够具体,应改为:When waiting for my dentist, I thumbed through an old issue of Love&Family and scanned an article on What makes a good girlfriend.)

(2) If a person is reading his love letter, you must not lean over his shoulders to read it.(read 不够具体,应改为share。)

(3) An elderly man had collapsed while crossing the street, and an ambulance took him to a hospital.(took不够具体,应改为rush。)

通过对上面句子的分析,可以看出,词汇的选择对于增强句子的信息表达效果是很有帮助的,从一定程度上决定文章可读性。作为英语学习者,平时应注意词汇的积累和练习使用,并在平时的阅读与写作实践中注意一般意义词和特定意义词,抽象词和具体词及词的内涵意义和外延意义,形成仔细“推敲”和“体会”的好习惯,同时根据需要将他们运用于自己的写作中,这样我们的用词就必然会显得比较丰富多彩。

思考与练习:

I.下面每个句子都有两个同义词(或近义词),请选择你认为更确切的词,并解释原因。

1. The country was facing a serious unemployment question\problem when the new government came to power.

2. What the minister has said implies\infers that there will be a change in the economy policy.

3. By cutting down the trees we damage\injury the natural habit of birds and animals.

4. Most women began to become fat\stout in their thirties.

5. When returning to hometown, he was surprised\stunned to find that his little sister had become a pretty, slim/skinny young lady.

6. Although he was on a diet, the food inspired\tempted him enormously.

7. There is no reason\point in applying for that job, as you are not properly qualified.

8. All my colleagues felt sympathy \pity for the little boy who has got blood cancer and made donation without any hesitation\indecision.

9. He does morning exercises for the benefit\profit of his health.

10. The house that they used to live in is in a way neglected\neglectful state.

II.分析下列句中不准确的用词。

1. The city"s income relies mainly on the auto industry.

2. The most despised task bestowed on the driver is changing a flat tire.

3. The dog went bounding down the steps, ating whelps at every leap.

4. The money contributed will be given to a child inflicted with leukemia.

5. Don"t expect me to be so credible as to believe everything he said.

6. They all felt a more consistent policy was what the government should play.

7. A teacher should handle emotionally disturbed children without bias and ill-favored feelings.

8. The school has lost much of the prestige local people used to have for it.

9. The situation has become drastic and requires immediate action.

10. In his speech, the mayor suggested several ways of helping the traffic problem.

11. Terrorist activities are a constant fear to innocent people.

12. In an emergency, some drivers become a panic and freeze to the steering wheel.

13. Competence alone should be the judge whether a teacher should be allowed to teach or not.

14. The author explained how her early environment had cultivated her toward a love of literature.

15. In exposing the apathy of some people toward the poor, the newspaper has gone too far.

16. If what you say is true, our whole concept of truth should make a drastic change.

17. The support I received from my fellow students aided greatly to my success.

18. The authorities contributed the low attendance to inadequate publicity.

19. Mother complained that the floor was not tidy enough.

20. The tragic love story ended in sad beauty.

III.请适当地改动下面的几个句子,使其描写更加具体生动。

1. The man walked down the street. Along the way, he saw some peddlers.

2. I have a good friend. She is a very beautiful girl and she is very smart.

3. She pins a flower on her coat.

4. The mother can"t help crying when she saw her baby.

5. Every morning, I go to school on bus.

6. My mother is the greatest mother in the world.

7. The old woman is selling the roast potato at the school gate.

8. He is a kind person.

9. This is a newly built street.

10. It is windy in spring in Beijing.

同类推荐
  • 民国模范作文(第2季)

    民国模范作文(第2季)

    本书共分为五辑,主要内容包括:江山如画;生活映像;风物变迁;彼时心情;激昂文字。
  • 中国现代作品

    中国现代作品

    我们中小学生必须要加强阅读量,以便提高自己的语文素养和写作能力,以便广开视野和见识,促进身心素质不断地健康成长。但是,现在各种各样的读物卷帙浩繁,而广大中小学生时间又十分有限,因此,找到适合自己阅读的读物,才能够轻松快速地达到阅读的效果。
  • 自尊铺设成功路(指导学生身心健康发展故事集)

    自尊铺设成功路(指导学生身心健康发展故事集)

    学生时代,是一个充满理想的季节,也是人体发育的转折关键期,这一时期,如何正确认识和对待自己的生理变化,怎样面对生活和生理的各种烦恼,是决定青少年身心是否健康的关键。
  • 别笑,我是高考零分作文(第2季)

    别笑,我是高考零分作文(第2季)

    最雷人、最搞笑、最荒诞、最天才的零分作文,高考一族的减压零食,都市白领的幽默早餐!另附小学生爆笑“撒谎作文”必杀篇,绝对挑战你的想象极限!《央视新闻频道》等28家电视台,《新华日报》《南方日报》《重庆晨报》等120家报纸、数千家网站报道推荐!
  • 西方大学改革史略

    西方大学改革史略

    众所周知,现代大学诞生于中世纪欧洲,迄今已有九百多年的历史了,但大学改革的历史,严格地说只有两百年。改革的含义是指改掉事物中陈旧的、不合理的部分,使之合理、完善且更加切合需要。
热门推荐
  • 农家调香女

    农家调香女

    OH!MYGOD!她到底是做了什么天怒人怨的事情竟然让老天爷将她带到这个鬼地方来,而且就算是让她穿越过来,就算不是那高高在上的皇后、王妃,至少也要是个衣来伸手饭来张口的千金小姐吧!可是现在看看这是一个神马情况?她竟然是穿越到了一个因为不小心摔死的五岁农家小娃娃!好吧!从一个二十五岁的变成五岁娃娃,也算是老天对她的特别照顾了。可是为什么这个家里那么穷?就连一日三餐的温饱都成了问题!而且这住的都是什么地方啊!看着眼前这个破败的茅草屋,好似那风一吹就会倒下似的,她真的是没办法不怒了!于是,她决定要改变家里现在的这种困境,跟着爹娘一起发家致富。请看一个现代的打工妹如何在这落后的古代过得风声水起,逍遥一生。推荐香香的完结文《随身空间之极品村姑》
  • 生命第一:5·12大地震现场纪实

    生命第一:5·12大地震现场纪实

    许多人不想重现汶川大地震的灾情,是因为人的生命在那一刻变得极端的脆弱与痛苦、无助与悲恸。但这是历史,这是客观。不记述这生命之苦,就不知道人类从动物世界走向衣冠楚楚、讲吃讲穿的文明历程的每一步痛苦与辉煌,这对人类更好地走向未来也是无益和有害的。
  • 专属涩天使

    专属涩天使

    十年前,六岁的她们陷入了一场阴谋,被迫离开了自己的家族。十年后,十六岁的她们已经是黑道的至尊,她们要报回曾经的仇。小时的阴谋,长大后的误解,仇恨、亲情、爱情的交织,她们究竟何时才能获得幸福?
  • 明治天皇:孝明帝驾崩卷(下册)

    明治天皇:孝明帝驾崩卷(下册)

    《明治天皇》再现了日本从幕末走向明治维新的历史变革,以优美的文笔,宏大的场景,详细描绘了日本近代决定国运的倒幕运动的整个过程。本书塑造了一个个鲜活的日本近代史人物形象,以及他们的坚定信念,对“安政大狱”、“樱田门之变”等重大历史事件的描述详实生动,是一部了解近代日本不可多得的佳作。
  • 傻子王爷无情妃

    傻子王爷无情妃

    一只毒蝎子,彻底断送了她年轻的生命!别人只知道,那个软弱没主见的女人被迫嫁给一个痴傻呆闷的七皇子。殊不知,她早已不再是“她”!面对痴傻只会憨笑的美男,她气愤难填!你傻,本美女就医好你,谁知医好后,遭到嫌弃,却换来一纸休书,气愤之下,她恨不得与他同归于尽……
  • 悦读MOOK(第十八卷)

    悦读MOOK(第十八卷)

    本书将带你走进茫茫书海,我们将请一些学者和专家帮你指津,请一些书界人士为你剖析书坛风云,使你从中获得大量的图书信息,还能饱览各类书籍的精彩片段,一册在手,尽情享受读书的乐趣。
  • 望台娇

    望台娇

    嫡母刻薄,生母懦弱,在众美女姐妹中最不起眼的‘丑女’,没有关系!!被老爹忽略,嫡母不喜,姐姐妹妹鄙视中,连丫鬟都看不起她,真的没关系。她这一生,经历曲折,堪称惊心动魄,在这礼教严谨的古代,硬生生的被她老爹和嫡母嫁了三次,夫家一个比一个有权势。一嫁定远大将军,还没圆房,丈夫死翘翘了,被冠上克夫的恶名送回了娘家!二嫁冷面美丞相,还米有弄清楚嫁的何许人也,新婚第二天,一纸休书把她休回了娘家,只因为她长得丑!!三嫁花心风流武皇帝,结果女主害怕深宫锁玉,折磨不休的生活,没志气的投水自尽了,然后某人华丽丽的穿来了。。。重生的柳湘颜看着镜子里自己占据的倒霉的原主人身体,无奈的叹口气,很是搞不懂,明明不是倾国倾城的美人,为什么每一次嫁的男人越来越显赫呢?好吧,既穿之则安之,人不犯我,相安无事,人若犯我。。。逃跑了事。。。不过,若是逃不过,嘿嘿。。。也别当我是好捏的软柿子~~~老坑链接:本文的姐妹篇杜月城的故事《妻妾斗:正妻不下堂》连续两月位居月票榜第二!
  • 我们三个都是穿越来的

    我们三个都是穿越来的

    我是因为看了很多的穿越小说,也很想穿越。谁想我想想就能穿越,穿越就穿越吧,居然穿成怀孕九月的待产产妇,开玩笑嘛!人家在二十一世纪还是黄花一枚呢。这也可以接受,可是明明是丞相之女,堂堂四皇子的正牌王妃怎么会居住在这么一个几十平米得破落小院子里,她怎么混的,亏她还一身绝世武功,再是医毒双绝。哎。没关系,既然让我继承了这么多优越条件,一个王爷算得了什么?生下一对龙凤胎,居然都是穿过来的,神啊,你对我太好了吧?且看我们母子三人在古代风生水起笑料百出的古代生活吧。片段一在我走出大门时,突然转身对着轩辕心安说道:“王爷,若是哪天不幸你爱上了我,我定会让你生不如死的。”然后魅惑地一笑,潇洒地走了出去。片段二当我对着铜镜里的美人自恋地哼出不着调地歌时。“别哼了,难听死了。”一个清脆的声音响起。~~~接着一声尖叫紧跟着另一声尖叫。我用上轻功躲进了被子里.~~~"我和你一样是二十一世纪来的。”“你好,娘亲,哥哥,以后要多多指教。”来自两个婴儿的嘴里,我摸摸额头,没高烧啊。片段三“小鱼儿,我可是你孩子的爹,况且我没有写休书,你还是我的王妃。我会对你好的。”安王爷霸道地说道。“你们认识他吗?他说是你们的爹?”我问着脚边的两个孩子。“不认识,”女孩说道。“我们的爹不是埋在土里了吗?怎么他一点也不脏?”男孩问道。那个男人满头黑线。“对不起,我们不认识你。”说完拉着孩子转身就走。片段四“爹爹,这是我娘,你看漂亮吧?”南宫心乐拉着一个白衣帅哥进来问道。我无语中。“爹爹,你看我娘亲厉害吧?“南宫心馨拉着另外一个妖精似地男人走了进来。我想晕。“这才是我们的爹。”“才不是呢,这个才是”两人开始吵起来了。“我才是你们的爹。”安王爷气急地吼道。“滚一边去。”两个小孩同时说道。屋里顿时混乱之中。转头,回屋睡觉去了。推荐完结文《别哭黛玉》完结文《穿越之无泪潇湘》新文,《极品花痴》
  • 北大的青春不迷茫

    北大的青春不迷茫

    北大好比一种精神力量,以深刻隽永的厚度培育出一代代的精英领袖,它也像是一部沉淀着中国近代史的活词典,在这里,你能找到有关“青春”的代名词——不迷茫,不乏力,睿智、创新、颠覆权威….. 本书聚焦北大历史上影响中国、激励人心的北大人,看看他们如何化苦难为辉煌,从失败走向成功。 希望,这本书能助你走出迷茫的困局,面迎全新的人生。
  • 爆笑穿越:草包傻王妃

    爆笑穿越:草包傻王妃

    她可真是大胆,嫁不成太子就想嫁给他?哼,觉得他这个王爷配不起她吗?要知道他堂堂七王爷,从小到大都不是好欺负的主,他有的是时间陪她玩,就看她是不是玩得起!