登陆注册
1198300000027

第27章 Mandra’s Visit to Jiankang(1)

Mandra’s Visit to Jiankang:The Buddhist Connection between China and Ancient Cambodia

WANG Bangwei (Peking University)

Abstract

People generally know the connection between Central Asia and China while Buddhism spread from India to the East. However, as an important country situated not far from South China, the Kingdom of Funan, i.e. ancient Cambodia, also contributed to the building of Chinese Buddhism. Based on the accounts in Chinese literature and the others, the paper will discuss the visit of Mandra, a Buddhist s' ramana from Funan to Jiankang and the meaning behind it.

Historians of Chinese Buddhism all know the importance of three biographic books of prominent monks, Gaoseng Zhuan (The Biographies of the Prominent Monks), Xu Gaoseng Zhuan (The Continuous Biographies of the Prominent Monks) and Song Gaoseng Zhuan (The Song Biographies of the Prominent Monks). The second one, Xu Gaoseng Zhuan, being called Tang Gaoseng Zhuan (The Tang Biographies of the Prominent Monks) as well, covers the period from the beginning of the sixth century to the middle of the seventh century. It was written by Daoxuan, a well known Buddhist monk scholar early in the Tang Dynasty. Though most of the figures in the book are Chinese Buddhist monks, in some chapters, particularly in the Chapter of the Text Translators, a number of Buddhist monks from other countries are included. The experiences of these monks, either in their home places or in China, provide materials showing connections between these countries and China. One example of these countries is ancient Cambodia.

In Daoxuans book the first biography is of Samghapāla, a Buddhist Master from the country of Funan, that is, ancient Cambodia. Attached to the biography of Samghapāla are three short biographies of which the first one is of Mandra, or Mantuoluo in Chinese transliteration. It says as follows:

Early in the time of Liang, there was another s' ramana called Mantuoluo (Mandra) from Funan. In the language of Liang (i.e. Chinese) his name means “sounding lightly”. He brought a lot of Indian texts and presented them to the Emperor. The Emperor ordered him to join with Samghapāla in translating the texts of The Ratnamegha, The Dharmadhatu and The Majus' rīprajāpāramitā. The texts they produced are altogether in eleven scrolls. Although he was involved in the translation work, he did not know the language of Liang very well. So the meaning of the translations produced by him is not easily understood. And in the Biography of Samghapāla it says as follows:

In the language of Liang the name of Samghapāla means “keeper of samgha” or “armour of samgha (Samghavarman·)”. He is a native of Funan. He was very clever at his early age and inclined to Buddhism. At the schooling age he joined the samgha. He was special skilled in studying the essays of Abhidharma. His great reputation was known all of the South Sea area. After being fully ordained he widely studied the Buddhist Vinaya. He was so brave that he wanted to travel abroad and propagate Buddhism. Hearing that in the country of Qi (China) Buddhism was advocated he got on boat and arrived at the capital of China. He lived at the Monastery of Zhengguan and became a disciple of Gunabhadra.Under the guidance of Gunabhadra he studied the Mahāyāna texts intelligently. Within a short time, he learned a lot and the scripts and languages of several countries. Just at this time the Dynasty of Qi fell down and Buddhism was declining. Samghapāla only cleaned his body, let his heart be quiet, stopped connection with the outside. He stayed in room and cultivated his own personality. While the Dynasty of Great Liang Was established, the government searched for the talents. Thus in the fifth year of Tianjian (506 C.E), Samghapāla was invited to translate texts at the Hall of Shouguang, the Garden of Hualin, the Monastery of Zhengguan, the House of Zhanyun and House of Funan, all the five places being located in Yangdu (Jiankang, the capital of the Liang, todays Nanjing). Until the seventeenth year of Tianjian (518 C.E), he had translated eleven texts, consisting of fortyeight scrolls. The titles include The Sūtra of King As' oka, The Vimuttimagga and the others.

Through this we know that Mandra arrived in China a little bit later than Samghapāla and cooperated with the latter while he started the translating work. The texts translated by Mandra now can be found in the Chinese Buddhist Tripitaka. Daoxuan also edited a bibliographical book called Datang Neidian Lu (The Buddhist Text Catalogue of the Great Tang). In the fourth scroll of the book we find the same account with a little more details. The texts Mandra produced are listed as follows:

The Sūtra of Ratanmegha, in seven scrolls.

Fajie tixing wufenbie jing, in two scrolls.

The Prajāpāramitāsūtra of Majus' ri, in two scrolls.

In the fourth scroll of another bibliographical book, Gujin Yijing Tuji (The Pictures and Records of Texts Translation in Ancient and Today) by another Buddhist monk scholar, Jingmai, the date, the second year of Tianjian, in which Mandra arrived at Jiankang, the capital of Liang China, is provided.Taisho T

同类推荐
  • 中国年画

    中国年画

    年画是中国画的一种,始于古代的“门神画”。清光绪年间正式称为年 画,是中国特有的一种绘画体裁,也是中国农村老百姓喜闻乐见的艺术形式 。大都用于新年时张贴及装饰环境,含有祝福新年吉祥喜庆之意,故名。传 统民间年画多用木板水印制作。年画因画幅大小和加工多少而有不同称谓。 整张大的叫“宫尖”,一纸三开的叫“三才”。加工多而细致的叫“画宫尖 ”、“画三才”。颜色上用金粉描画的叫“金宫尖”、“金三才”。六月以 前的产品叫“青版”,七八月以后的产品叫“秋版”。《中国文化知识读本:中国年画》在深入挖掘和整理中华优秀传统文化成果的同时,结合社会发展,注入了时代精神。书中优美生动的文字、简明通俗的语言、图文并茂的形式,把中国文化中的物态文化、制度文化、行为文化、精神文化等知识要点全面展示给读者。
  • 天下蜀道

    天下蜀道

    道,蜀道,道载蜀道。缘,广元,缘结广元。谨以此书献给中国蜀道文化联合申请世界遗产工程!
  • 英国精神

    英国精神

    英国精神的实质,是一种“绅士道”。绅士的传统或绅士风度来源于英国的英格兰,作为一种确定的观念系统和行为方式大约形成于近代英国。这种理想采纳了古希腊、罗马的美德理想以及中世纪骑士道的理想,后来又继承了欧洲大陆国家如意大利、法国的宫廷文化,在英国经过继承发展而最终形成了一整套绅士理想与观念。对传统的尊重和理性主义,为绅士道奠定了心理基础。讲礼貌的传统,包括尊重女士和骑士风度,构成了绅士道的标志性行为特征。而自身保持基本的优良品德,如诚实、正直、忠诚,同情、仁慈、温和、宽容、慷慨的待人之道,以及谨慎、自制、节制、坚定、自尊、荣誉的坚强精神,则构成了对绅士德性的根本要求。
  • 中华礼仪学

    中华礼仪学

    这本《中华礼仪学》从起草到出版已经四易其稿了。现在终于要和广大读者见面了。在本书编写和出版的过程中,曾经得到许多师友的关怀和鼓励,这些关怀和鼓励使得作者增加了勇气和信心,六年如一日,持之以恒,完成了编写任务。宁夏大学党政领导,包括统战部、教务处、科研处,对于本书的出版给予了极大的支持和帮助。
  • 狼人的月夜迷踪

    狼人的月夜迷踪

    本书将带我们一起追寻狼人的传奇和秘密。,古世纪欧洲盛传的传说:“即便一个心地纯洁的人,一个不忘在夜间祈祷的人。”这是一个关于月圆之夜变狼的秘密。也难免在乌头草盛开的月圆之夜变身为狼
热门推荐
  • 刘兴诗讲地球曾经的印记:古国印象

    刘兴诗讲地球曾经的印记:古国印象

    在历史的长河中,有许多文明流传到了今天,也有许多文明在前进的道路上突然消失。本书从一个个小故事走进古王国,使我们走进一个个曾经辉煌而又神秘的传奇!使我们更加清晰的了解历史文明。这些故事让青少年在了解历史的同时更关注我们现在的生存环境,从而更让青少年懂得关心我们的地球并去爱护他。
  • 欧也妮·葛朗台

    欧也妮·葛朗台

    《欧也妮·葛朗台》生动再现了十九世纪法国的外省生活,塑造了形形色色的人物,特别是刻画了一个狡诈吝啬的暴发户形象葛朗台老头,揭露了当时社会上人与人之间的金钱关系。
  • 邪女惑心

    邪女惑心

    夜幕下,那高耸入云的圣泉峰在橘黄的月光和繁星装饰下,显得隐隐约约,就像恬静的仙女,披着朦胧的薄纱,脉脉含情,凝眸不语。江湖盛传的邪教总坛……天阴教,就坐落在此半山腰上。此时天阴教后院一所房间内,烛火通明,一个容颜清秀的女子头缠白布,紧闭着双眼静静躺在床上,脸颊雪白,没有半分血色,如果不是那胸口时高时低的起伏,真让人怀疑她已羽化成仙。她,就是天阴教的三小姐,风凝魅……
  • 嫡女棣王妃

    嫡女棣王妃

    “姨娘,夫人似乎断气了~”“哼!这么一碗药都下去了,难道她还能活着不成?”“那这······”一个年纪稍长的人朝着这位称作姨娘的人示意了一下自己手中的婴儿,似乎有些犹豫,“这好歹是个男孩,现在夫人已经死了,如果姨娘把他占为己有,然后得了这府中的中馈······”“嬷嬷?!”女子也不等她的话说完,就打断了她,“你记住了,我恨死了这个女人,她的儿子,只能随着她去,我就是以后自己生不出儿子,抱养别人的,也不会要她的。把他给我扔马桶里面溺了,对外就说一出生就死了!”猩红的嘴唇,吐出来的话却是格外的渗人。嬷嬷还想说什么,动了动嘴,却是一句话也没有说,转身朝着后面放着马桶的地方走去。却是没有发现旁边地上一个穿着有些破旧的衣服的小女孩此刻正瞪大了眼睛看着她们两。这是什么情况?自己不是被炸死了吗?怎么会······于此同时,脑中不断有记忆闪现出来,她们是自己的母亲和刚出生的弟弟啊?!不行,先救人。转头看见旁边谁绣花留下的针线跟剪刀,想到自己前世的身手,拿起一根绣花针就朝着那个嬷嬷飞了过去,却在半路上掉落下来,暗骂一声,这人是什么破身体。却引得那两个人听见动静看了过来。女人阴狠的盯着她,“你居然没有死?”微微眯起眼睛,自己的前身也是被她们弄死的了,看样子她们谁也不会放过,抓起旁边的剪刀就冲了过去。随着几声惨叫声,从此以后,府中府外都传遍了她的“美名”——凤家大小姐心肠歹毒,刺伤了府中无数的人,宛如一个疯子。
  • 肥胖病饮食与防治(生活必备丛书)

    肥胖病饮食与防治(生活必备丛书)

    本书主要从以下方面介绍肥胖病的饮食与防治:肥胖病的医疗常识、肥胖病的日常保健、肥胖病的饮食保健等。
  • 东宫有本难念的经

    东宫有本难念的经

    宝庆十九年春,大佑国皇太子大婚,大将军之女入主东宫。一个不是淑女的将门千金遭遇一个不是文韬武略的中庸太子,到底是佳偶天成,还是冤家路窄?成婚一年不足,太子忽然休妻。迷影重重,生死茫茫,这样一来,还是不是大团圆结局?
  • 马云是这样创业的

    马云是这样创业的

    才华与容貌成反比、“骗子”、“疯子”、“狂人”、打开“藏宝洞”的现代版阿里巴巴、草根创造的全球神话、心有多大,舞台就有多大、带着梦想起航、初次“下海”的惊险传奇、改变一生轨迹的“触网”、不容易的“中国黄页”、男儿当有冲天志、开启湖畔时代……
  • 穿越成特工:嫁定冰山冷少

    穿越成特工:嫁定冰山冷少

    [幻世倾情录1:岁月如歌]她说:我最想去的地方,你心里。赌城,他拉着她:“别看了,你压根儿都不会赌,咱们就不要去凑热闹了。”“谁说我不会赌了?”她自豪反驳,“上次那个混蛋没钱却要和我赌脱衣服,我不是赢得让他只剩平角短裤了!”他满脸黑线:“我还和你赌一辈子!”她噘嘴:“可我还是赌脱衣服刺激。”“走回家,我直接脱给你看!”*推荐完结文:付爱系列第一篇:《冒牌儿子来坑爹:王牌刁妻》
  • 我心爱的小天鹅

    我心爱的小天鹅

    钻戒名表没偷到,倒把自己的钱包、身份证落总裁豪宅里了!“总裁饶命!我愿意补偿你!”“你确定要补偿?”某女点头。总裁扬起一抹神秘的微笑,道:“我家里一应俱全!就缺个老婆!”总裁上下打量某女,目测后,勉强道:“我就将就吧!做我老婆,我就饶了你!”某女气炸!什么叫将就?她好歹也是人见人爱花见花开车见车爆胎的美女好不好!
  • 穿越到王府-灵动小王妃

    穿越到王府-灵动小王妃

    林若夕,芳华正茂,义薄云天,敢作敢为。为了给好友壮胆,她被半强迫地陪着去告白,为了让好友浓情蜜意,她独自承担烧烤重任。结果,她被一块让她泄愤的石头戏弄了,穿越到了一个不知所云的王朝,然后遇到了他,为了她,他一怒为红颜,甚至动摇了整个王朝,为了她,他抛弃过往,只为博她红颜一笑,为了她,他霸道狠绝,只为留住她的脚步,留住她的心。而她,改造了整个王府,颠覆了所有的礼教,创造了美好的回忆之后,面对他的真心,面对回去的机会,是否会迟疑。且看小书为你讲述这个有趣的故事。