登陆注册
1122800000048

第48章 中国古代建筑AncientChineseArchitecture(2)

What are the features of a Taoist temple?

A Daoist temple evolved from the traditional square-shaped Chinese courtyard. The main halls usually stand on the north-south axis, serving as places for people to worship the statues of Daoist gods and conduct Daoist ritual ceremonies.

During the Eastern Han Dynasty, when Daoist was born, Daoist ascetics mostly lived in huts and even caves in remote mountains. From the Jin Dynasty to the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Daoist experienced reforms, and many temples were set up in cities or even in the capital under imperial orders. During the Tang Dynasty, Daoist, Buddhism and Confucianism influenced one another, and thus Buddhist and Confucian architecture had a great influence on Daoist temple construction. As a result, Daoist temples resemble those of Buddhism and Confucianism in design and many other aspects.

Daoist architecture falls into two styles: traditional and bagua (八卦). The traditional style refers to a compound layout in which the main halls usually stand on a north-south axis and other buildings are on the two sides or at the back of the courtyard complex. The bagua style refers to that in which all buildings surround the danlu (丹炉), a stove to make elixirs. The south-north axis appears very long, and structures flank the axis. This style symbolizes the notion that human beings follow the Earth, the Earth follows the Heaven, the Heaven follows the Dao (道), and the Dao follow itself.

Notes:1)worship崇拜;2)conduct实施;3)ceremony礼仪;4)ascetic苦行者;5)design构思;6)layout布局;7)flank位于……的侧面(或两侧)

6.传统的村落布局的环境构造有什么特点?

What are the environmental features of the general layout of a traditional village?

A village is likely to be constructed in harmony with natural surroundings. Local villagers always highly appreciate trees, hills or streams nearby. In their mind, natural surroundings have been imbued with cosmic vitality and a sense of life.

In ancient times, the Chinese believed that the movements of the sun and moon affected spiritual currents that influenced people’s daily lives. This“cosmic breath”is known as Fengshui (wind and water). It is said that it was also affected by the form and size of hills and mountains, the height and shape of buildings, and the direction of roadways. Ancient people were aware of the importance of geomancy in the location and orientation of buildings and other structures.

An ideal location of a village should be in much conformity with the positions of the“Four Images”that are regarded as the lucky supernatural beasts. These are the Qanglong (青龙, the green dragon) that represents the east, the Zhuque (朱雀, the phoenix-like beast) the south, the Baihu (白虎, the white tiger) the west and the Xuanwu (玄武, the tortoise like beast with a snake winding round it) the north.

In accordance with the ideal environmental structure, the placement of a village generally observes one principle of“being situated at the foot of a hill and beside a stream (依山傍水)”where locals could cut woods in the hill for fuels and obtain water in the stream for drinking or washing. The other principles include“the main facade being southern or eastern (坐北朝南 /坐西朝东).”

Safety is one of the concerns for the environmental structure. Wall or stockade is probably made around the village to escape from marauding animals and dangers brought by bandits or robbers.

Notes:1)surrounding周围的;2)imbue浸染;3)cosmic宇宙的;4)geomancy占卜;5)orientation方向;6)in conformity with和……相适应;7)environmental周围的;8)fa.ade建筑物的正面;9)stockade栅栏;10)maraud抢劫;11)bandit强盗;12)robber盗贼

7.四合院有什么特点?

What are the features of siheyuan?

Siheyuan is a residential courtyard. It is a traditional Chinese architectural form used extensively since the 12th century. In Beijing, most of the courtyards extant today were built in the Ming and Qing dynasties.

In ancient times, the courtyards were divided into those for princes, dukes, officials or common citizens. The princes’ mansions of the Ming Dynasty consisted of front and rear sections, each section containing three main buildings along the south-north axis. In the Qing Dynasty, officials of the sixth and seventh ranks had major and minor halls of three jian (间), a room or area between adjacent pillars in a large hall and a single main gate painted with black iron rings. Ordinary citizens were not permitted to have rooms of more than three jian in size.

The normal arrangement of a“four-square”courtyard consists of a south-facing main hall (正房), a north-facing southern hall (南房) and two halls along the east and west sides. The doors to these halls face toward the yard. Behind entrance gate the courtyard is a huge screen wall that prevents anyone outside from seeing what it is inside the courtyard.

Notes:1)extensively大规模的;2)extant尚存的;3)mansion大厦;4)rear后部;5)adjacent毗连的;6)arrangement安排;7)prevent预防

8.古代庭院建筑有什么特点?

What are the features of ancient garden architecture?

An ancient Chinese garden is an artistic recreation of nature. It looks like a landscape painting in three dimensions due to a combination of structures and man-made landscape modeled after natural scenery. Most of the ancient gardens extant today were built in the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Garden architecture falls into two main types: the northern imperial gardens and the private gardens like those on the southern side of the Changjiang River.

Imperial gardens appear spacious, exquisite and grandiose. Built for royal families, they look magnificent. The most famous gardens include Beihai Park (北海公园), the Summer Palace (颐和园) and the Yuanmingyuan Summer Palace (圆明园) in Beijing.

Private gardens are usually built in urban areas, near residences. They generally look small, but their overall layout is flexible, and their scenery tastefully delicate. In ancient times, they served as a place of retreat for gentleman-scholars to escape the chaos of the city. The most famous private gardens are located in Suzhou.

These two types of gardens are artistically common in some aspects:

a. Each garden skillfully combines natural elements, such as rocks, water, trees and flowers, in an attempt to produce a harmony between man and nature.

同类推荐
  • 下一站拉萨

    下一站拉萨

    本书是一个80后背包客探访以拉萨为中心的环游西藏的旅行笔记。从昆仑山口到可可西里,从格尔木到拉萨,从拉萨到日喀则,从日喀则到墨脱……作者以富有诗意的笔触,配以旅行中的感触、心得以及旅行花絮等,从各个角度记录了一行人的见闻游记、幽默轶事,为读者倾情讲述了一个不为人知的西藏风情文化。通过这次的旅行,作者对生命和生活有了更深的体悟,思想得到了洗礼,灵魂得到了升华,找回了真实的自己。读后将带给你身临其境的感受,有了旅行的冲动。现在,就启程,向着梦想之地出发!
  • 英国皇家特种部队野外耐力生存手册

    英国皇家特种部队野外耐力生存手册

    本书在野外生存领域是赫赫有名的畅销书。“你如何给自己定位,你就会成为什么样的人”。不论在哪一个领域,面对挑战,你必须鼓足勇气、积极进取,努力开拓未知的领域。
  • 心仪天地

    心仪天地

    出了旅游局再来写游记,更觉得游记难写了。难在若是写不出新意,还不如不写。干脆换个招数,将人生感慨融进去,将历史沧桑揉进去,写了《相思太行山》,再写《东临碣石观沧桑》,积累起来竟够一本书了,起个名《心仪天地》。不管内文如何,对这个名字我是不无满意。常人是四十而不惑,我是六十而多惑,才觉得天地之道不是过去自己学习、贩卖的那道,是道可道,非常道。因而才心仪天地,师法自然,恭恭敬敬从头学起。权且用《心仪天地》表达我迟到的醒悟吧!
  • 长江三峡

    长江三峡

    本书分为瞿塘峡,巫峡,西陵峡,长江临近景观等四部分,全方位地描述了长江风貌,赞美了长江的壮丽景色。
  • 红泥炉(全集)

    红泥炉(全集)

    本书分上下两册。上册以游记、随笔为主,以轻松明快的文笔,描写了旅途中的所见所闻所感及对生活的热爱和人生感悟。带给人以愉快的阅读享受。下册以严肃的文笔,对山西的人文历史、未来发展做了细致的分析、论述,以睿智的、深刻的思考带给读者以深思及人生的启迪。
热门推荐
  • 傻子王爷无情妃

    傻子王爷无情妃

    一只毒蝎子,彻底断送了她年轻的生命!别人只知道,那个软弱没主见的女人被迫嫁给一个痴傻呆闷的七皇子。殊不知,她早已不再是“她”!面对痴傻只会憨笑的美男,她气愤难填!你傻,本美女就医好你,谁知医好后,遭到嫌弃,却换来一纸休书,气愤之下,她恨不得与他同归于尽……
  • 你若只如初见

    你若只如初见

    一个关于十七岁的高中三年故事。一份关于十七岁之前的记忆。一个叫安陌然的男孩,面对着一份不明爱,又面对一份不明的友谊。他是一名彻底的十七岁同龄少年人生的代表,那时候的他,喜欢一个人是不敢说出口的,只是想待在那个人身边,看着她就好了,后来她有了一段与我无关的恋情,就如读者,看着她的喜怒哀乐,静静的,只有同喜同乐的感觉。之后的人生,陌然开始写作,写着他对一个女生友谊与爱情之间的矛盾,把他对她的故事写成诗歌,写成小说,一份最真诚的感情。安陌然,每天紧紧的抓着时间写着,怕遗忘那些细节,可那是免不了虚构部分的,她永远也不会明白,那份虚构正是安陌然对两人之间发生的一小插曲,或者可以说是一梦想吧。
  • 重生之为妻

    重生之为妻

    如果给你一个机会,让你重生到十年前,你还会选择那个薄情的男人吗?谢余笙还是选了。她无怨无悔。上辈子为他而死,这辈子为他而生,她决定报复他,她要让他早早的为她沉沦为她痴迷,为了这个目的,她毅然决定再次留在他身边。
  • 中国书籍发展简史

    中国书籍发展简史

    《中国文化知识读本:中国书籍发展简史》以优美生动的文字、简明通俗的语言、图文并茂的形式,向你介绍了文字的起源与书籍的产生,书籍的发展和演变,书籍的制作方法,书籍的维护与收藏等有关内容。
  • 总裁囚欢

    总裁囚欢

    人前,他是万人景仰的总裁,她是端庄大方的秘书;人后,他是残暴无情的主人,她是羞辱屈服的小奴;他要她血债血还,她未婚夫对他未婚妻做的事情,他都要在她身上加倍的讨回来,否则,她将面临的是世界末日,她无能为力,只能屈服。一次一次的凌辱,一次又一次的屈服,背离了社会道德,纠缠不清的又何止是欲望?她在情欲里种下了爱恨的种子,发芽,成长,开花,结果.————————————————————————————————————他说:“你未婚夫拐走了我的未婚妻,男人对女人做的事情,就是我要对你做的事情,他动我未婚妻一根手指头,我就砍了你双手。”他说:“乖乖的做我的奴隶,别想反抗逃走,否则的话,不仅仅是你的家人,连你未婚夫的家都将夷为平地。”他说:“你的未婚夫让我的未婚妻怀孕了,那么你也得怀孕。”【友情链接】——清风恋飘雪《正室》——暮阳初春《弃妇的誘惑》【推荐自己的作品】——做我皇妃(已解禁)
  • 绝色少女遇上高富帅:爱情有约

    绝色少女遇上高富帅:爱情有约

    这个花样美男相貌出奇地俊秀,有着别人无法比拟的显赫家世,令人倾心的外貌,他不仅自以为是、臭脾气、大男子主义、有不可思议的逻辑方式,而且有些怪异,晓欣想想自己哪里是他的对手?但是不知从何时起,她喜欢上了他傲慢背后的纯真和率直,也知道了他不愿意想起的过去……他,是不可一世的王子。她,是拥有武侠高手之称的草根。俩个人的相识将上演怎样的一出戏……
  • 明治天皇:孝明帝驾崩卷(下册)

    明治天皇:孝明帝驾崩卷(下册)

    《明治天皇》再现了日本从幕末走向明治维新的历史变革,以优美的文笔,宏大的场景,详细描绘了日本近代决定国运的倒幕运动的整个过程。本书塑造了一个个鲜活的日本近代史人物形象,以及他们的坚定信念,对“安政大狱”、“樱田门之变”等重大历史事件的描述详实生动,是一部了解近代日本不可多得的佳作。
  • 大清棋情录

    大清棋情录

    倾力打造中国第一部长篇围棋文化言情小说。以江阴“抗清三公”的后人恩怨为线索,叙述大清乾隆年间,中国围棋最强时代的人文传奇故事,善解跨越两个地球的情爱纠缠。水墨江南,情迷棋中,小说家言,专家达人不必深究。
  • 无敌大小姐

    无敌大小姐

    当现代阴狠毒辣,手段极多的火家大小姐火无情,穿越到一个好色如命,花痴草包大小姐身上,会发生怎样的化学反应?火无情一醒过来就发现,自己竟然在众目睽睽之下上演脱衣秀。周围还有一群围观者。这一发现,让她极为不爽。刚刚穿好衣服,便看到一个声称是自家老头的老不死气势汹汹的跑来问罪。刚上来,就要打她。这还得了?她火无情从生自死,都是王者。敢动她的人,都在和阎王喝茶。于是,她一怒之下,打了老爹。众人皆道:火家小姐阴狠毒辣,竟然连老爹都不放在眼里。就这样,她的罪名又多了一条。蛇蝎美人。穿越后,火无情的麻烦不断。第一天,打了爹。第二天,毁了姐姐的容。第三天,骂了二娘。第四天,当众轻薄了天下第一公子。第五天,火家贴出招亲启事:但凡愿意娶火家大小姐者,皆可去火府报名。来者不限。不怕死,不想活的,欢迎前来。警示:但凡来此,生死皆与火家无关。若有残病者火家一律不负法律责任。本以为无人敢到,岂料是桃花朵朵。美男个个很妖娆一号美人:火无炎。火家大少爷。为人不清楚,手段不清楚。容貌不清楚。唯一清楚的是,他有钱。有多多的钱。火无情语录:钱是好东西。娶了。(此美男,由美瞳掩饰不了你眼神的空洞领养。)火老爷一气之下,昏了过去。家门不幸,家门不幸啊。二号美人:竹清月。江湖人称天上神仙,地上无月。大国师一枚。美得惊天动地。火无情语录:美人好,尤其是自带嫁妆又会预测未来的美人,娶了。(此美男,由东de琳琳领养)三号美人:轩辕子玉。当朝七皇子,游历四国。一张可爱无敌的脸。单纯至极。火无情语录:可爱的孩子好,可爱又乖巧的孩子更好。可爱乖巧又不用给钱的孩子,娶了。(此美男,由刘千绮领养)皇帝听闻,两眼一抹黑。他的儿啊。怎么就这么不争气呢。四号美人:天下第一美男。性格不详,籍贯不详。火无情语录:谜一样的美人,她喜欢。每天都有新鲜感。娶了。(此美男,由告别的爱情li领养。)五号美人:天下第一名伶。火无情语录:解风情的美男,如果没钱花把他卖了都不用调教。娶了。(此美男由伊眸领养。)六号美男:解忧楼楼主。相貌不详,身世不详。爱好杀人。火无情语录:凶恶的美人,她喜欢。娶了。(此美男由陈铭铭领养)七号美男:琴圣。貌如谪仙,琴音杀人。冷清眸子中,百转千回,说尽风流。(此美男由伊眸领养)夜杀:天下第一杀手。(此美男由静寂之夜领养)
  • 嫡女棣王妃

    嫡女棣王妃

    “姨娘,夫人似乎断气了~”“哼!这么一碗药都下去了,难道她还能活着不成?”“那这······”一个年纪稍长的人朝着这位称作姨娘的人示意了一下自己手中的婴儿,似乎有些犹豫,“这好歹是个男孩,现在夫人已经死了,如果姨娘把他占为己有,然后得了这府中的中馈······”“嬷嬷?!”女子也不等她的话说完,就打断了她,“你记住了,我恨死了这个女人,她的儿子,只能随着她去,我就是以后自己生不出儿子,抱养别人的,也不会要她的。把他给我扔马桶里面溺了,对外就说一出生就死了!”猩红的嘴唇,吐出来的话却是格外的渗人。嬷嬷还想说什么,动了动嘴,却是一句话也没有说,转身朝着后面放着马桶的地方走去。却是没有发现旁边地上一个穿着有些破旧的衣服的小女孩此刻正瞪大了眼睛看着她们两。这是什么情况?自己不是被炸死了吗?怎么会······于此同时,脑中不断有记忆闪现出来,她们是自己的母亲和刚出生的弟弟啊?!不行,先救人。转头看见旁边谁绣花留下的针线跟剪刀,想到自己前世的身手,拿起一根绣花针就朝着那个嬷嬷飞了过去,却在半路上掉落下来,暗骂一声,这人是什么破身体。却引得那两个人听见动静看了过来。女人阴狠的盯着她,“你居然没有死?”微微眯起眼睛,自己的前身也是被她们弄死的了,看样子她们谁也不会放过,抓起旁边的剪刀就冲了过去。随着几声惨叫声,从此以后,府中府外都传遍了她的“美名”——凤家大小姐心肠歹毒,刺伤了府中无数的人,宛如一个疯子。