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第19章 中国绘画Chinese Painting(1)

中国画简称“国画”,是中国各族人民共同创造的传统绘画。中国画属于东方绘画体系,有鲜明的中华民族特色。本篇介绍的内容是源远流长的中国画及其艺术特点。

1.中国画是何时起源的?

What is the origin of traditional Chinese painting?

When did Chinese painting start? Who started Chinese painting? It is hard to trace it back to its roots. For thousands of years, this issue has puzzled historians and scholars in the field of the history of Chinese arts. Many historians think that Chinese character writing and painting have the same origin. In ancient China, characters began as simple drawings of natural objects—trees, water, mountains, horses and human beings. They were engraved on pottery, bones, bronzes or mountain rocks. Some pottery vessels were painted with decorative patterns or human faces, animals and plants. Experts believe that these pictographic symbols may be the earliest forms of Chinese written characters. According to this view, these symbols constituted primitive Chinese painting and date from the Neolithic Period, around 6,000 to 7,000 years old ago.

Records of Famous Paintings of Dynasties (《历代名画记》) by Zhang Yanyuan (张彦远) of the Tang Dynasty said that Chinese painting originated in the legendary period and that pictographic symbols unified painting and character writing. In his view, only when pictographic symbols and character-writing split, did Chinese painting start to become an independent art.

Notes:1)puzzle使迷惑;2)historian历史学家

2.你如何理解传统中国画艺术?

How can you understand the art of traditional Chinese painting?

Chinese painting is a pure art. It is lyrical enough to stand on an equal footing with poetry and contemplative thought. It has incomparable refinements of design and reveals subtle insights into nature and human beings. Painting in the traditional style involves essentially the same techniques as calligraphy. It is done with a brush dipped in black or colored ink; oils are not used. The line drawn by a brush has remained the core medium of Chinese painting throughout its history. Painters give ever-greater emphasis to the brush-line itself, taking it as their primary descriptive and expressive means.

In dynastic times, painting and calligraphy were the most highly appreciated arts in court circles and were produced almost exclusively by amateurs-aristocrats and scholar-officials who alone had the sensibility and leisure to perfect the technique necessary for great brushwork. A piece of painting normally consists of the painting itself, calligraphic writing and seal stamps. As with calligraphy, paintings by famous painters have been greatly valued throughout China’s history. They are mounted on scrolls which can be hung or rolled up, but some are done in albums or on walls, lacquerwork, and other media.

Notes:1)lyrical抒情诗般的;2)contemplative沉思的;3)in-

comparable无可匹敌的;4)refinement优雅;5)essentially实质上;本

来;6)expressive有表现力的;7)album相簿;8)media媒介物

3.你能够简单介绍一下中国传统绘画的历史吗?

Can you give a brief introduction of the history of

traditional Chinese painting?

Chinese painting originated in the remote period, dating back to 6,000 to 7,000 years ago. At the primitive stage, from the Shang and Zhou dynasties to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, paintings decorated bronze ritual vessels and other bronze wares; and the concept of“beauty”was first applied, not to art, but to ancestral sacrifices.

Paintings on silk first appeared during the Warring States Period. But after the invention of paper in the 1st century A. D., silk was gradually replaced by this new, cheaper material.

Wall painting developed during the Qin and Han dynasties. Apart from wall paintings in palaces and temples, there were a great number of Chinese murals in the tombs of that period. During the Three Kingdoms Period, the main subject of painting was Buddhist figures and paintings executed according to Daoist concepts.

Beginning in the Tang Dynasty, the landscape painting came to the fore. The purpose was not to reproduce exactly the appearance of nature, but to grasp an emotion or atmosphere in such a way as to catch the“rhythm”of nature. In the Song Dynasty, landscapes of more subtle expression appeared. Emphasis was placed on the spiritual qualities of the painting and on the ability of the artist to reveal the inner harmony between human and nature.

The Yuan Dynasty is known for its outstanding ink-wash paintings. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, painting developed along two distinct lines. One, represented by Wang Shimin (王时敏) and Wang Jian (王鉴), faithfully followed old masters. The other, represented by Zhu Da (朱耷) and the Yangzhou School (扬州画派), emphasized the expression of personal feeling. The latter’s unique endeavors and appealing taste have been accepted by famous modern artists like Qi Baishi (齐白石), Xu Beihong (徐悲鸿) and Pan Tianshou (潘天寿).

Notes:1)ancestral祖先的;2)landscape风景;3)fore前部;4)atmosphere气氛;5)ink-wash水墨的

4.什么是“文人画师”?

What are literati painters?

Literati painters were amateurs. They painted as a means of self-expression, much as the same way they wrote poetry; both forms were the inheritance of the Neo-Daoist era of the Six Dynasties. Many fewer literati were accomplished painters than poets; but there were always many literati who painted on the side, while serving as scholar-officials.

Literati painting was conceived as mode through which the Confucian junzi (君子, noble person) expressed his ethical personality. It manifests concern little for technical showiness. Literati painters specialize in plain ink paintings, sometimes with minimal color. They emphasize the idea that the style with which a painter controls his brush conveys the inner style of his character. Brushstroke is seen as an expression of the spirit more than matters of composition or skill in realistic depiction.

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    当现代阴狠毒辣,手段极多的火家大小姐火无情,穿越到一个好色如命,花痴草包大小姐身上,会发生怎样的化学反应?火无情一醒过来就发现,自己竟然在众目睽睽之下上演脱衣秀。周围还有一群围观者。这一发现,让她极为不爽。刚刚穿好衣服,便看到一个声称是自家老头的老不死气势汹汹的跑来问罪。刚上来,就要打她。这还得了?她火无情从生自死,都是王者。敢动她的人,都在和阎王喝茶。于是,她一怒之下,打了老爹。众人皆道:火家小姐阴狠毒辣,竟然连老爹都不放在眼里。就这样,她的罪名又多了一条。蛇蝎美人。穿越后,火无情的麻烦不断。第一天,打了爹。第二天,毁了姐姐的容。第三天,骂了二娘。第四天,当众轻薄了天下第一公子。第五天,火家贴出招亲启事:但凡愿意娶火家大小姐者,皆可去火府报名。来者不限。不怕死,不想活的,欢迎前来。警示:但凡来此,生死皆与火家无关。若有残病者火家一律不负法律责任。本以为无人敢到,岂料是桃花朵朵。美男个个很妖娆一号美人:火无炎。火家大少爷。为人不清楚,手段不清楚。容貌不清楚。唯一清楚的是,他有钱。有多多的钱。火无情语录:钱是好东西。娶了。(此美男,由美瞳掩饰不了你眼神的空洞领养。)火老爷一气之下,昏了过去。家门不幸,家门不幸啊。二号美人:竹清月。江湖人称天上神仙,地上无月。大国师一枚。美得惊天动地。火无情语录:美人好,尤其是自带嫁妆又会预测未来的美人,娶了。(此美男,由东de琳琳领养)三号美人:轩辕子玉。当朝七皇子,游历四国。一张可爱无敌的脸。单纯至极。火无情语录:可爱的孩子好,可爱又乖巧的孩子更好。可爱乖巧又不用给钱的孩子,娶了。(此美男,由刘千绮领养)皇帝听闻,两眼一抹黑。他的儿啊。怎么就这么不争气呢。四号美人:天下第一美男。性格不详,籍贯不详。火无情语录:谜一样的美人,她喜欢。每天都有新鲜感。娶了。(此美男,由告别的爱情li领养。)五号美人:天下第一名伶。火无情语录:解风情的美男,如果没钱花把他卖了都不用调教。娶了。(此美男由伊眸领养。)六号美男:解忧楼楼主。相貌不详,身世不详。爱好杀人。火无情语录:凶恶的美人,她喜欢。娶了。(此美男由陈铭铭领养)七号美男:琴圣。貌如谪仙,琴音杀人。冷清眸子中,百转千回,说尽风流。(此美男由伊眸领养)夜杀:天下第一杀手。(此美男由静寂之夜领养)
  • 开胃下饭菜

    开胃下饭菜

    根据人们不同时候的不同胃口,精选了近百道家常开胃下饭菜,食物搭配具有较强的针对性,富含营养,开胃开心,让你吃得美味,吃得舒畅。《开胃下饭菜》内容丰富,实用性强,通俗易懂,是家庭主妇的有益参考书。
  • 我的21岁护士姐姐

    我的21岁护士姐姐

    神秘符种传授修真能力,保护青梅竹马的护士姐姐不被伤害,学雷锋做好事积攒功德好修炼。超级记忆力过目不忘,学习成绩飞速提升,让美丽校花和美女老师都叹为观止。考试、赚钱、泡妞、开公司……一切的改变,从那种入眉心神奇的符种开始,面对这些种种,林烨只能大喊一声:“小生有礼了!小生不客气了!还有……小生来了!”