登陆注册
1122800000050

第50章 中国古代建筑AncientChineseArchitecture(4)

In ancient China, emperors, empresses, and princesses lived in imperial palaces. Undoubtedly the palaces rank as the highest class of building according to the ancient social system. The same class goes to the Majestic Buddha Hall (大雄宝殿) in a Buddhist monastery and the Three Trinity Hall (三清殿) in a Daoist temple. These buildings appear typically magnificent because they have yellow glazed tiles, multi-layer eaves, the wudian roof, decorative paintings, painted dragons, phoenix patterns, and giant red gates. The residence owned by government officials and rich businessmen is called the Large-type Housing Building (大式). These buildings have no glazed tiles, and brackets on top of the columns reflect the social system. The third grade residence is called the Small-type Housing Building (小式) used frequently by common people.

The raised base of the ancient architecture also reflects the social system of the feudal society. The ordinary base is simple and flat to support the small or large-type housing buildings. Another kind of the raised base is called the Xumi-Seat-Patterned Base (须弥座) which originally came from the pattern of the bottom base for a statue of Buddha. This Buddhist pattern came into the traditional Chinese architecture after Buddhism entered China. This structure supports important halls in the imperial palace complex as well as buildings in a monastery or temple. The purpose is to show the resident’s noble status and rank. In addition, this base has white marble railings. The third kind of raised base is the superfine base that consists of multi-stone-floors; each floor is the Xumi-Seat-Patterned Base circled by jade stone railings. The multi-floor base is only used to support key halls in the imperial palace complex and some key buildings in a monastery or a temple like the Hall of Supreme Harmony (太和殿) in the Forbidden City and the Dacheng Hall in the Qufu Confucian Temple (曲阜孔庙的大成殿). According to The Canon Collection of the Qing Dynasty (《大清会典》), the raised base is limited to

0.67 meters in height for the residence owned by high officials of the third rank and above, and 0.33 meters in height is for the residence owned by officials of the fourth rank and below.

A jian (间) or bay is the area within 4 pillars; one jian is approximately 15 square meters. According to the ancient social estate system, a main hall in the imperial palace usually is a 9-jian hall. During the Qing Dynasty, the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City was expanded from 9 jian to 11 jian in dimension to show imperial power. Under the Ming Dynasty, the front, middle and rear halls owned by a top ranking duke were permitted to extend to 7 jian, and his front gate was limited to 3-jian in space. Officials of the first to fifth ranks could have 7-jian major and minor halls. Officials of the sixth and seventh ranks had 3-jian major and minor halls. Ordinary citizens were not permitted to have rooms of more than 3 jian in size although they were not limited to any specific number of rooms they could build. The Qing period saw many changes in these rules, but the system laid down by the Ming remained basically intact.

Notes:1)undoubtedly无疑地;2)majestic尊严的;3)multi-layer多层;4)glazed tile琉璃瓦;5)railing栏杆;6)approximately大约地;7)intact完整无缺的

12.什么是亭台楼榭?

Could you tell me something about a tower and a pavilion?

An ancient tower or pavilion is mainly built with wood. In some examples of their construction, not a single nail is used. Sets of brackets link up the joints of the wooden structures. Wooden teeth bite into points where wooden pieces or stuff meet.

In ancient times, a tower (楼) functioned as a storage house for books, scriptures, and portraits of famous people. A tower can beautify a garden or a scenic spot, offering visitors a space where they are able to look far into the distance. Famous towers include Yueyang Tower (岳阳楼) in Hunan Province and the Yellow Crane Tower (黄鹤楼) in Hubei Province.

A pavilion (亭) usually has a roof but no walls. Most pavilions have gently upturned eaves, splendid glazed tiles, and bright red pavilion posts. Green trees, grass, and water often encircle the pavilion, forming a beautiful landscape. The Chinese often say that a pavilion represents humankind’s place in the universe. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, a pavilion was set up every 5 kilometers for convenience of people who walking by and might stop in for a rest or lodging. The pavilion functioned as a sentry box in border districts. Later on, the pavilion turned into a small-scale building in which a visitor could have a rest or overlook the scenery all around. In the Tang Dynasty, it was common to build pavilions in scenic places and gardens. The design of pavilions varies. The most common design is the square-shaped pavilion. A common feature of Chinese gardens is the waterside pavilion (台榭) which is half built on land and half raised on stilts above a body of water to offer a view from all sides. Through a combination of natural and artificial elements, designers seek balance and harmony between man and nature in their design.

Notes:1)storage贮存;2)humankind人类;3)stilt支撑物

同类推荐
  • 马可·波罗游记

    马可·波罗游记

    欲知世界各地之真相,可取此书读之。马可·波罗,世界著名的旅行家、商人。1254年生于意大利威尼斯一个商旅世家。17岁时,马可·波罗跟随父亲尼古刺·波罗和叔叔玛窦·波罗,途经中东,历时蹬年多来到中国,在中国游历了17年。回国后著成《马可·波罗游记》一书,记述他在东方最富有的国家——中国。
  • 下一站拉萨

    下一站拉萨

    本书是一个80后背包客探访以拉萨为中心的环游西藏的旅行笔记。从昆仑山口到可可西里,从格尔木到拉萨,从拉萨到日喀则,从日喀则到墨脱……作者以富有诗意的笔触,配以旅行中的感触、心得以及旅行花絮等,从各个角度记录了一行人的见闻游记、幽默轶事,为读者倾情讲述了一个不为人知的西藏风情文化。通过这次的旅行,作者对生命和生活有了更深的体悟,思想得到了洗礼,灵魂得到了升华,找回了真实的自己。读后将带给你身临其境的感受,有了旅行的冲动。现在,就启程,向着梦想之地出发!
  • 春天的奇迹

    春天的奇迹

    外宣局是这次拆迁宣传工作的总策划和具体实施者,肩负着引导社会、影响舆论、弘扬正气、凝聚人心的重要职责。本着“高站位把握导向,求实效舆论先行”的原则,在区领导赋予“宣传工作的好坏直接关系到这次拆迁能否顺利完成”的重大责任面前,外宣局局长孙海芬感到从来没有过的压力。
  • 天界地界

    天界地界

    讲述作者(常年华)三次西部行,看尽八万里路云和雪,历尽艰难险阻,阅尽醉人景色。作者以日记的形式讲述帕米尔高原无人居住区域、藏地至今尚未通车的墨脱县,以及那些遥远、路险、常人很难去的那些地方的所见、所听、所感。《天界地界(两疆穿行八万里)》是一本文化旅游读本,对于向往西藏、新疆旅游的读者起着向导作用。
  • 随喜菩提

    随喜菩提

    “菩提十书”之《随喜菩提》:由生命的苦恼走入佛门是很好的,但闻法欢喜走入佛门,不是更好吗?在痛苦中求悟是很好的,但以喜悦的心求悟不是更好吗?以厌离世间的心走向净土是很好的,但以欢喜净土的心走向极乐世界不是更好吗?本书是“菩提系列”第九部,让我们体验生命的滋润,从“相逢一笑”走向“喜无量心”的世界,欢喜无量地活在人间,走向净土。
热门推荐
  • 扑朔迷离的化学宫殿(科普知识大博览)

    扑朔迷离的化学宫殿(科普知识大博览)

    化学是研究物质的。世界上那形形色色的物质,是由什么构成的呢?这个自然科学中最根本的问题,在古代就引起了人们的注意。公元前5世纪,我国的大学问家庄子就说过:"一尺之棰,日取其半,万世不竭。"意思是说,一尺长的短棍,若每天截取一半的话,是永远也截取不完的。
  • 俏皮公主闯天下

    俏皮公主闯天下

    若她是水潋舞。可以原谅伤她最深的他吗?若她是九叶飘零。是否能明白他那句:“因为……舞儿可以是大家的,而零儿只是我的。”若她是‘小白兔’。定便是‘大灰狼’的猎物?若她是樱芷晴。一生都要遵守对他的承诺吗?是谁?在她耳畔低语,“你不愿看到的事,我绝不会让它发生!”是谁?独她面前卸下外壳,默默守护着。是谁?沾染百花,唯不玷污她。是谁?为她杀敌,遍体鳞伤,却是挂着浅笑。不想便不知,不知便不烦,只是,几人能做到一身空。--情节虚构,请勿模仿
  • 绝世小萌妃

    绝世小萌妃

    传说,古代男人有三好,钱多,体软,易压倒。可是,当陆染染遇到这只腹黑,邪戾,变态到无限大的妖孽王爷时,却只有被反压的份。他唯一的乐趣是,“养肥她,霸着她。”她直言不从,他誓死不放,且看她在压榨与被压榨中与他如何较量。
  • 我们三个都是穿越来的

    我们三个都是穿越来的

    我是因为看了很多的穿越小说,也很想穿越。谁想我想想就能穿越,穿越就穿越吧,居然穿成怀孕九月的待产产妇,开玩笑嘛!人家在二十一世纪还是黄花一枚呢。这也可以接受,可是明明是丞相之女,堂堂四皇子的正牌王妃怎么会居住在这么一个几十平米得破落小院子里,她怎么混的,亏她还一身绝世武功,再是医毒双绝。哎。没关系,既然让我继承了这么多优越条件,一个王爷算得了什么?生下一对龙凤胎,居然都是穿过来的,神啊,你对我太好了吧?且看我们母子三人在古代风生水起笑料百出的古代生活吧。片段一在我走出大门时,突然转身对着轩辕心安说道:“王爷,若是哪天不幸你爱上了我,我定会让你生不如死的。”然后魅惑地一笑,潇洒地走了出去。片段二当我对着铜镜里的美人自恋地哼出不着调地歌时。“别哼了,难听死了。”一个清脆的声音响起。~~~接着一声尖叫紧跟着另一声尖叫。我用上轻功躲进了被子里.~~~"我和你一样是二十一世纪来的。”“你好,娘亲,哥哥,以后要多多指教。”来自两个婴儿的嘴里,我摸摸额头,没高烧啊。片段三“小鱼儿,我可是你孩子的爹,况且我没有写休书,你还是我的王妃。我会对你好的。”安王爷霸道地说道。“你们认识他吗?他说是你们的爹?”我问着脚边的两个孩子。“不认识,”女孩说道。“我们的爹不是埋在土里了吗?怎么他一点也不脏?”男孩问道。那个男人满头黑线。“对不起,我们不认识你。”说完拉着孩子转身就走。片段四“爹爹,这是我娘,你看漂亮吧?”南宫心乐拉着一个白衣帅哥进来问道。我无语中。“爹爹,你看我娘亲厉害吧?“南宫心馨拉着另外一个妖精似地男人走了进来。我想晕。“这才是我们的爹。”“才不是呢,这个才是”两人开始吵起来了。“我才是你们的爹。”安王爷气急地吼道。“滚一边去。”两个小孩同时说道。屋里顿时混乱之中。转头,回屋睡觉去了。推荐完结文《别哭黛玉》完结文《穿越之无泪潇湘》新文,《极品花痴》
  • 鬼谷子(白话全译)

    鬼谷子(白话全译)

    本书依据《鬼谷子》的权威原著,甄别、博采众家之长,力求对原文作出精当而晓畅的注释与翻译,每篇篇首皆附有提要加以解析、导读。并借鉴国外工商管理硕士的培养方法,精选古今中外颇具代表性的,涵盖商场、职场、处世等各个领域的经典案例,对鬼谷思想逐篇阐释、透析、解读,可使不同行业、不同背景、不同层次的读者皆能从中有所获益。同时,本书设计精美独到,图文并茂,大量古朴生动的图片,与文本和谐统一,相得益彰,大大增强了阅读的趣味与兴致。经典深刻的思想,精审独到的案例及评析,恰到好处的图文相生,使本书融哲理性、故事性、实用性、全集性于一体,可谓是各类读者参悟、运用鬼谷子大智慧的首选读本。
  • 人间耳录经(张石山散文随笔选辑)

    人间耳录经(张石山散文随笔选辑)

    甲申岁末,山西作家组团赴韩国作一周游访。作家们平日或有闲暇,不乏聚会,难得有十数同志如此多日朝夕相处,结伴共同休闲。男士离家,群雄麇集;长夜漫漫,旅途遥遥;口欲耳欲驱使,不约而有同好。故卧榻两侧、车辆上下,人人献艺,各各卖弄本事。说故事、讲笑话,侃黄色段子、来文字游戏,竟成旅途一大节目。韩国风景秀丽,所谓赏心悦目;而有“说部”相伴,同行诸君益发乐甚。
  • 去你丫的泡沫爱情

    去你丫的泡沫爱情

    这是被利益金钱侵袭的2030年,剽悍单纯的钱沫沫始终遇见的都是泡沫一样的爱情,看起来美好透明五彩缤纷,其实不堪一击。因为利益,或是因为别的……
  • 武魔风云

    武魔风云

    他是废材,却是拥有者举世无双的附魂珠。他遭受屈辱而去,家族却是顷刻间覆灭。千古谜团出现,太古异种为何封存?妖魔兽之皇者相遇,他们宿命相同,能否打破宿命的枷锁?他的出现,对于大陆而言,究竟是吉是凶?
  • 魔道凡

    魔道凡

    一介凡人入仙途,且看他如何笑傲风云……冥冥中似乎真的存在一种诡异的力量,推动命轮,掌控世间一切。
  • 仙界第一人

    仙界第一人

    不管是仙界,还是魔界,拥有强悍的实力,才是生存的根本。特种兵杨半帆带着半吊子的修真,在铁血风火下来到魔界,成为奴隶。他如何抗争,如何利用现代科技,炮轰魔王,震慑魔界,打到仙界,遇仙灭仙,遇魔荡魔,成为仙界第一人!